师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案5时态和体ii

师范大专《英语语法与写作》教案教案5时态和体ii

Lecture5TenseandAspect(II)Theperfectiveaspectcancombinewiththetwotenses,formingpresentperfectiveandpastperfective,whichcanagaincombinewiththeprogressiveaspect,resultinginpresentperfectiveprogressiveandpastperfectiveprogressive.5・1UsesofpastperfectivePastperfectiveinsentenceswithwhen-/before-/after-/until-clausesSubordinatorssuchaswhen,before,after,untilcansometimesbeusedinterchangeablywhentheyconnectclauseswheretwoactionshappenoneafteranother.Thegeneralruleisthattheearlierhappeningisexpressedbythepastperfectiveandthelaterhappeningbythesimplepast.c.f.WhenIreachedthestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Ireachedthestationafterthetrainhadleft・Ididn"treachthestationuntil(after)thetrainhadleft•ThetrainhadleftbeforeIreachedthestation.Sincebeforeandaftercanindicatetimesequencebytheirownlexicalmeanings,thetwoactionshappeningoneafteranothercanbothbeexpressedbythesimplepastinsentencescomprisingabefore-/after-clause・c.f.Thetrain(had)leftbeforeIreachedthestation.Aftertheteacher(had)lefttheroom,thechildrenstartedtalking.Sometimesthepastperfectiveisusedinabefore-clausetolayemphasisontheincompletionoftheaction.e.g.HeofferedmeadiinkbeforeIhadtakenoffmycoat.Rarelycantwopastperfectiveformsco-occurinasentencetoshowtimesequenceoftwoactionsexceptforthekindofsentencecomprisingaclauseintroducedbythesubordinatorbythetime.Eveninthiskindofclause,thesimplepastismorefrequentlyusedthanthepastperfective.e.g.BythetimeI(had)recoveredfromtheshock,hehaddisappeared.Wehadgoteverythingreadybythetimetheyarrived.即：与before连用表示”还没……就役例如: —SheweptbeforeIhadrealizedwhatwashappening.—TheysetoutbeforeIhadtoldthemtheaddress.—Heclosedthedoorbeforethetelephonehadrung・ImaginaryuseofpastperfectiveThepastperfectivewhenusedtoexpresshypotheticalmeaningsiscalledtheimaginaryuseofthepastperfective.Insuperordinateclauseswherethepastperfectiveisassociatedwithsuchverbsasexpect,think,intend,mean(=mean),want,supposetodenoteapastwishorintentionwhichwasnotrealized・e.g.Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.Ihadhopedthatwewouldbeabletoleavetomorrow,butit^sbeginningtolookdifficult.艮卩：expect,hope,wish,intend,mean,plan,suppose,think,want等动i司用过去完成日寸表示过去的希望或计划等没有实现，例如：-Hehadhopedtocomeandhelp,buthewassick.—Theyhadintendedtovisityou,buttheircarbrokedown.—Thebosshadwantedtodonatesomemoneytotheschool,buthewentbankruptoveranigh匸5.2MoreontheuseofperfectiveaspectThereareafewmorepointsthatmeritourattentionconcerningtheuseoftheperfectiveaspect.Perfectiveaspectandsince-clausePerfectiveaspectisoftenaccompaniedbyasince-clauseorasince-clausetodenoteacontinuousstateoractivityfromapointinpasttimeuntilnow・Theverbinthesince-clauseiscommonlythesimplepastofadynamicverbdenotingnon-continuousactivity.Ifthemainorsuperordinateclauseisintheformof“Itbe+complement(denotingatimespan)+since-clause：theverbbeinthemainclausemayoccurinthesimplepresentinplaceofthepresentperfective・ e.g.Ihaven"tseenhimsincehisweddingday/sinceImetyou.It"sthreemonthssincehewrotetome.即：“Itis+—段时间+since+一般过去时或现在完成时”结构举例如下：一ItisthreeyearssinceI(last)sawBill.-ItisthreeyearssinceIhaveseenBill.也可用其他两种形式来表达：-IlastsawBillthreeyearsago.—Ihaven"tseenBillforthreeyears・PerfectiveaspectinTtisthefirsttime+that-clause^Inthethat-clausefollowing"Itis/willbethefirsttime",theverbusuallyoccursinthepresentperfective.Iftheverbofthemainclauseisthepasttenseoftheverbbe(was),theverbinthefollowingthat-clauseshouldbethepastperfective,oroccasionallythesimplepast.Itmayalsooccurinthepresentperfectiveincasethemainclausecontainsatemporaladverbialinclusiveofthetimeofspeaking・e.g.ItisthefirsttimeJohnhasplayedgolf.Don"tforget,itUlbethefirsttimeFvespokeninpublic.Itwasthefirsttimeshe"dbeenatasummerschoolandshethoroughlyenjoyedil・Itwasthefirsttimethisyearhehadn5tworked/hasn^tworkedonaSaturday.B|J:还可用于"itwasthefirsttime”、unosoonerthan"hardlywhen”结构屮，例如：—Itwasthefirsttimetheyhadtriedforeignfood・—Ihadnosoonerreturnedthanhecalled・—Wehadhardlybegunwhenweweretoldtostop.在"It/This/Thatis+(themostinteresting/thefinest/theworst)+名词+that从句"结构中,从句谓语动词也需用现在完成时(若主句谓语动词为过去式was, 从句谓语动词相应地变为过去完成吋)。例如：Thisisthebestfilmseries(that)Ihaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的系列片。在“Thisistheonly+名词+that从句”结构中,从句也要用完成时。Thisistheonlybookthathehaswritten.5.3Topicsfordiscussion1.itis/hasbeen•••since句型表示的意义?解答：表示“从……时起己有多长时间了”，since引导的从句应该用过去时。如：Ithasonlybeentwenty-fiveyearssincetelevisioncametocontrolChinesefreetime.ItissixyearssinceshelivedinHarbin・2.比较for和since表示时间的不同用法。解答：表示某一状态或行为持续了多长吋间，后面跟一个表示一段的吋间，既可以指过去,也可以指现在或将來。如：Fvebeentransferredthreetimessincelastyea匚He"sbeendepressedsincehelosthisjob・Theyhavebeenworkingintheconsultingcenterforfiveyears.ThecelebrationsofNationalDaywillgoonforfourdays・Whentheplanefinallyarrived,thepassengershadbeenwaitingfortwohours.