大学英语语法8——分词短语

大学英语语法8——分词短语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjun Unit8Phrases:ParticipialPhrasesGrammar:ParticipialPhrasesWriting:Correcting:DanglingModifiersRewriting:Sentenceemphasis ParticipialPhrasesWordsthataremadeofverbsbutdon"tactlikeverbsarecalledverbals.Therearethreetypesofverbals:participles,infinitivesandgerunds.Aparticipleisaverbformusedasanadjectivetomodifynounsandpronouns,orasanadverbtomodifyverbs,adjectivesorotheradverbs.Participlescomeintwoforms:thepresentparticiple(V-ing)andthepastparticiple(V-ed). ThepresentparticipleinEnglishisintheactivevoiceandisusedfor:1.modifyinganounasanadjective;Thegirlisdancing.Thegirlisthedaughterofmyneighbor.Thedancinggirlisthedaughterofmyneighbor.2.modifyingaverborwholesentenceasanadverb.Jacksmiled.Jacksaidhellotome.Smiling,Jacksaidhellotome. Thepastparticiplemaybeusedinbothactiveandpassivevoicesandisusedfor:modifyinganounasanadjective,withactivesense；Atreefellontheroad.Theroadwasblocked.Theroadwasblockedbyafallentree.modifyinganounasanadjective,withpassivesense;Thestreetwasdeserted.Ifeltuneasyonthestreet.Ifeltuneasyonthedesertedstreet.modifyingaverborsentenceasanadverb.Jackwasshaken.Jackhadtoquithisvillage.Jackwasindespair.Shaken,Jackhadtoquithisvillageindespair. Ifyouarenotsurewhetheryoushouldusepresentparticipleorpastparticiple,youcanturnthephraseintoasentence.Rightsentenceensuresrightchoice.ParticipialphraseSentence(be+participle)thesingingbirdsflyingtimebrokencartheexcitedchildren→Thebirdsaresinging.→Thebirdsaresung.→Timeisflying.→Timeisflown.→Thecarisbreaking.→Thecarisbroken.→Thechildrenareexciting.→Thechildrenareexcited. Asadjectives,participlesmaybeplacedbeforeorafterthewordstheymodify.Thevisitingministerexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks.Soontheycouldseethesteamrisingfromthewetclothes.Ingeneral,presentparticiplesindicatetheactionisactiveandprogressive;pastparticiplesindicatetheactionispassiveandcompletion. Manyadverbialclausescanbereducedtoparticipialphrases,especiallywhentheysharethesubjectwiththemainclause.Ifyoufollowingthisroad,youwillfindthebusstop.Followingthisroad,youwillfindthebusstop.Whenhereadsinthefinalpagesofthenovel,thereader"shairstandsonend.Readinginthefinalpagesofthenovel,thereader"shairstandsonend.Afterhewasnominatedfortheaward,hegotabovehimself.Nominatedfortheaward,hegotabovehimself.Becauseithadbeensubmergedyearsago,thevillagenolongerexisted.Submergedyearsago,thevillagenolongerexisted. 1.FunctionsParticipialphraseshavegenerallytwoformalfunctionsinsentences.2.1.AsanadjectiveWhenaparticipialphraseisusedasanadjective,itmodifiesanounorapronounandusuallygoesbeforeoraftertheworditmodifies.Theanimalishuntedtoextinction.Theanimalisalosttreasure.Huntedtoextinction,theanimalisalosttreasure.Iheardasonglastnight.Lindawassingingloudly.Lindawasinherdormitory.Lastnight,IheardLindasingingloudlyinherdormitory. 2.2.AsanadverbWhenaparticipialphraseisusedasanadverb,itmodifiesaverborawholesentence,mainlyanswersthequestion“how?”andmayappearindifferentpositionsinasentence.Simonusedakey.Simonopenedthedoor.Usingakey,Simonopenedthedoor.Theboyheldatorchsteadily.Heapproachedthetower.Theboy,holdingatorchsteadily,approachedthetower.Let’sspeakfrankly.Wehavenoauthority.Franklyspeaking,wehavenoauthority. 2.Positionandpunctuation2.1.AtthebeginningWhenaparticipialphraseappearsatthebeginningofasentence,itmustcomerightbeforethenounsthatitdescribesandisfollowedbyacomma.Mrs.Richardsdidn’twanttofrightenthepoorman.Shehidinasmallstoreroomquickly.Thestoreroomwasunderthestairs.Notwantingtofrightenthepoorman,Mrs.Richardsquicklyhidinthesmallstoreroomunderthestairs.Thesewiresarelinedupagainstthewall.Thesewiresarelong.Thesewiresarethin.Thesewiresareattachedtometalspheres.Linedupagainstthewall,theselongthinwiresareattachedtometalspheres. 2.2.InthemiddleWheninthemiddleofasentence,participialphrasescomeafterthenounsthattheymodifyandhavenocommasaroundthemiftheinformation(restrictive)isnecessarytoidentifyorunderstandbutdohavecommasaroundthemiftheydon"tincludenecessaryinformation(non-restrictive).TheVerrazanoBridgewasdesignedbyagreatarchitect.ItjoinsBrooklyntoStatenIsland.TheVerrazanoBridge,designedbyagreatarchitect,joinsBrooklyntoStatenIsland.Itwasinasmallvillage.Awomanwaspickingblackberries.Shesaw“alargecat”.The“cat”wasonlyfiveyardsawayfromher.Inasmallvillageawomanpickingblackberriessaw“alargecat”onlyfiveyardsawayfromher. 3.3.AttheendWhenparticipialphrasesappearattheendofasentence,theyareoftensetoffbycommastoemphasize,especiallyiftheyarenotdirectlyafterthenounsthattheymodifyoriftheyprovideunnecessaryinformation.TheTitanicturnedjustintime.Itnarrowlymissedthewallofice.Thewallwasimmense.TheTitanicturnedjustintime,narrowlymissingtheimmensewallofice.Theoldmanretired.Hemoved.Hewantedtolivewithhischildren.TheylivedatNansha.NanshaliesbytheZhujiangRiver.Afterhisretirement,theoldmanmovedtolivewithhischildrenatNansha,lyingbytheZhujiangRiver. Therearenocommasiftheinformationisnecessarytoidentify,ifemphasisisnotneededorifthephrasedirectlyfollowstheworditmodifies.Thebodyofonestatuewasfound.Itwasamongremains.TheseremainsdatedfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.ThebodyofonestatuewasfoundamongremainsdatingfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.Thecarwasleaving.Mr.Taylorrushedout.Heranafterthecar.Hethrewashtraysandvases.Justasthecarwasleaving,Mr.Taylorrushedoutandranafteritthrowingashtraysandvases. DanglingModifiersTheactionthatisoccurringintheparticipialphrasesshouldrelatebacktothesubject.Thatis,thesubjectofthesentenceshouldbedoingtheaction.Ifthisisnotthecase,theresultisadanglingmodifier.Thisoftenhappenswithbeginningparticipialphrasesorinfinitivephrases.Youcancorrectitby:namingtheappropriateorlogicaldoeroftheactionasthesubjectofthemainclause;changingthephrasethatdanglesintoacompleteintroductoryclausebynamingthedoeroftheactioninthatclause;combiningthephraseandmainclauseintoone. Walkinginthewoods,asnakebitthesoldierintheheel.Walkinginthewoods,thesoldierwasbittenintheheelbyasnake.Whilethesoldierwaswalkinginthewoods,asnakebithimintheheel.Writteninlargeletters,eventheoldmencaneasilyreadtheword.Writteninlargeletters,thewordcaneasilybereadbyeventheoldmen.Asthewordiswritteninlargeletters,eventheoldmencaneasilyreadit.Towashhand,soapandwaterisneeded.Towashhand,youneedsoapandwater.Youneedsoapandwatertowashhand. Aparticipialphrasefollowedby“therebe…”willoftenbeadanglingparticiple.Thisfaultysentencecanberemediedbychangingtheparticipialphraseintoaclausewithasubjectandverb.Lookingbehindme,therewasnothingtherebutthewall.WhenIlookedbehindme,Isawnothingtherebutthewall.Ilookedbehindme.Therewasnothingtherebutthewall. Exercises:Correctthefollowingdanglingmodifiers.Whilecleaninghisgun,itwentoffunexpectedly.Approachingthewoods,acabinwillcomeintoyoursight.Afterlookingoutthewindowforhours,therainpassed.Tearingthecurtainsapart,therewasnoonehidingthere.Gettinghereontime,buttherewerehardlyanyguestsleft.Shoutingloudly,thehillsresounded.Sittingunderanappletreeonenight,anideacametoNewton.Toswimproperly,acourseofinstructionisnecessary.Whenasmallboy,hisparentswereverystrictwithhim.Beingaholiday,childrenaregoingtohaveapicnic. Correcting:WhilehewascleaninghisgunWhenyouapproachedthewoodsAfterIhavelookedoutthewindowforhoursIfoundtherewasnoonehidingthereIgothereontimeyouwouldhearthehillsresoundedanideacametoNewton→Newtongotanideaacourseofinstructionisnecessary→youneed(totake)acourseofinstructionWhenhewasasmallboyBeingaholiday→Asitisaholiday Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson65,NewConceptEnglishIIbyL.G.Alexander)JimmyGateswasacircusowner.LastChristmas,hedecidedtotakesomegifts.Hewenttoachildren’shospital.HewasdressedupasFatherChristmas.Sixprettygirlsaccompaniedhim.Then,hesetoff.Herodeababyelephant.Hewentdownthemainstreetofthecity.TheelephantwascalledJumbo.Thepolicewouldnotallowhimtodothis.Heshouldknowthat. Apolicemancameover.HetoldJimmy.Heshouldgoalongasidestreet.Jumbowasholdingupthetraffic.Jimmyagreedtogoatonce.Jumbowouldnotliketogo.Fifteenpolicemenpushedhard.Theywantedtomovehimawayfromthemainstreet.Thepolicehadadifficulttime.Theyfeltinteresting.Apolicemanafterwardssaid,“Jumbomustbeafewtons.Itwasluckythatweneedn’tcarryhim.Certainly,weshouldarresthim.Hehasagoodrecord.Weshallforgivehimthistime.”