大学英语语法7——介词短语

大学英语语法7——介词短语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjun Unit7Phrases:PrepositionalphraseGrammar:PrepositionalphraseWriting:Correcting:UnnecessaryshiftsRewriting:Howtousethepassivevoice PrepositionalphraseAphrasemaybedefinedasagroupofrelatedwordswithoutasubjectandaverb.Aphrasefunctionswithinasentenceasasinglepartofspeech---noun,adjective,oradverb.Themostcommonphrasesareprepositionalphrases,participialphrases,gerundphrasesandinfinitivephrases.PrepositionalphrasePrepositionalphrasesmodifynounsandverbs,indicatingvariousrelationshipsbetweensubjectsandverbs.OfteninEnglish,writersemployprepositionalphrasesexcessivelytocreateanalmostcomicaleffect.“Coming!"Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheveranda,andintotheporch. 1.FormAprepositionalphrase=apreposition+(adjectives)+anoun/pronounMyolderdaughtergraduatedfromschool.Shethentookajob.Myolderdaughtertookajobafterschool.WhenIstudied,Ihadmanyquestionsaboutmyselectivecourses.Ioftenconsultedtheadviser.Duringmystudyperiod,Ioftenconsultedtheadviseraboutmyselectivecourses. 2.FunctionsPrepositionalphraseshavethreeformalfunctionsinsentences.Theycanactasanadjectivemodifyinganoun,asanadverbmodifyingaverb,orasanominalwhenusedinconjunctionwiththeverbformtobe.2.1.AsanadjectiveWhenaprepositionalphraseisusedasanadjective,itmodifiesanounorapronoun,answersthequestion“whichone?”andalwaysfollowstheworditmodifies.PeoplelivesinthecityPeopleareaccustomedtothetrafficjams.Peopleinthecityareaccustomedtothetrafficjams.Pleasehandmethepen.Thepenisbehindthekeyboard.Pleasehandmethepenbehindthekeyboard. 2.2.AsanadverbWhenaprepositionalphraseisusedasanadverb,itmodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb,answersthequestions“how?”,“when?”,“where?”andmayappearindifferentpositionsinasentence.Thequeengreetedthecrowd.Shesmiledgraciously.Thequeengreetedthecrowdwithagracioussmile.Itwasatmidnight.Childrengotasurprise.Theyallwokeup.Atmidnight,childrenallwokeupwithasurprise.(Generally,whenaprepositionalphrasebeginsasentence,itmodifiestheverb.) 2.3.AsanounWhenusedinconjunctionwiththeverbformtobe,theprepositionalphrasefunctionsasanounandactsasapredictivetoexpresstheexistenceorstateofbeingofthesubject.Ourproductsaregood.Theirqualityisprime.Ourproductsareofprimequality.Itwasoutofmyexpectation.Abeautifulgirlgreetedme.ThegirlcamefromJapan.Outofmyexpectation,thebeautifulgirlgreetingmewasfromJapan. Somewordsmaybeusedaseitherprepositionsoradverbs.Ifawordhasanounorapronounasitsobject,thenthewordisapreposition.Ifaworddoesnothaveanobject,thewordisanadverb.Abovethesurfaceofthewater,thetowersrisetoaheightofnearly700feet.(aspreposition)Iheardastrangesoundcomingfromtheroomabove.(asadverb)Hehasbuiltawoodenbridgeoverapool.(aspreposition)Hewassodrunkthathefelloverintheroad.(asadverb) 3.PositionIngeneral,aprepositionalphraseoftenappearsaftertheworditmodifies:Peopleintownspurchasetheirnecessitiesfromtheshops.Afamousactorinaplaywasoncecastintheroleofademon.However,likeadverbs,prepositionalphrasesthatmodifyverbscanalsobefoundattheverybeginningorveryendofasentence:Intheletterhewasaskedtocallatthestation.Onarrivingattheshore,thegirlstruggleduptheclifftowardsthelight. 4.PunctuationIfaprepositionalphrasebeginsasentence,thereisusuallyacommaafterit.But,iftheprepositionalphraseisshort,thecommaislessnecessarybutstillanoption.Atnight(,)theylieddownonthemosstosleep.Inthelightofthisstatement,teacherslivebysellingknowledge.Ifprepositionalphrasescomebetweenthesubjectandpredicate,thecommaisoftenused.Firemen,atlast,haveputoutabigforestfireinCalifornia.Adrunk,duringabullfight,wanderedintothemiddleoftheringsuddenly.Ifaprepositionalphraseisapartofthemainclauseoritendsasentence,thereisnocomma.Forexample:BigBentakesitsnamefromSirBenjamin.Anancientbusstoppedbyadryriverbed. Exercises:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneprepositionalphrase.Hewasstillmumblingsomething.Thesethingswereabouthospitals.Hewasmumblingattheendoftheparty.Hewasstillmumblingsomethingabouthospitalsattheendoftheparty.Shemustappearintheplay.Shemustwearadress.Shemustwearstockings.Thedressisred.Thestockingsarelong.Intheplay,shemustappearinabrightreddressandlongblackstockingsIwasdespaired.Iaskedheraquestion.Thequestionwaswhethershewasenjoyingherdinner.Indespair,Iaskedherwhethershewasenjoyingherdinner. Hewasinhospital.Hewouldhavetostaythere.Hewouldhavetospendanothertwoweeks.Hewouldhavetostayinhospitalforanothertwoweeks.Wearenowlivinginahouse.Thehouseisbeautiful.Thehouseisnew.Thehouseisinthecountry.Wearenowlivinginabeautifulnewhouseinthecountry.Theyhadgotaway.Theyhadtakendiamonds.Thediamondsareworthofthousandsofpounds.Theyhadgotawaywiththousandsofpoundsworthofdiamonds. UnnecessaryshiftsKeepsentencessmooth,clear,andconsistent.Avoidsudden,aimlessshiftsofthefollowing.1.ShiftsinsubjectThesubjectofasentenceistheperson,thing,place,orideathatisdoingorbeingsomething.Itiswhat/whomasentenceisabout.Thatis,subjectisthefocusofasentenceandtherealinterestofthewriter.Beconsistentinyourchoiceofsubject.Firstthedirtywatermustbedrainedout,andthenyoushouldcleanthepipe.Firstyoumustdrainthedirtywaterout,andthencleanthepipe. 2.ShiftinpersonPersondeterminesifsomeoneisspeaking(firstperson---Iorwe),beingspokento(secondperson---you),orbeingspokenabout(thirdperson---he/she,itorthey)inasentence.Shiftinpersonisimproperlymixingfirst,second,orthirdpersonwithinasentence.Whenwelookeddown,youcouldseethelittlefarmsgrowingsmallerandsmaller.Whenwelookeddown,wecouldseethelittlefarmsgrowingsmallerandsmaller.Whenyoulookeddown,youcouldseethelittlefarmsgrowingsmallerandsmaller. 3.Shiftintense"Tense"referstotheformofaverbthatindicatestime.Beconsistentinyourchoiceoftense.AfterIleftasmallvillageinthesouthofFrance,Iwilldriveontothenexttown.AfterIleftasmallvillageinthesouthofFrance,Idroveontothenexttown. 4.ShiftinmoodMoodisasetofverbformsorinflectionsthatconveysthewriter"sattitudetowardasubject.TherearethreemajormoodsinEnglish:(1)theindicativemood,usedtomakefactualstatements;(2)theimperativemood,usedtoexpressacommand;(3)thesubjunctivemood,usedtoindicatedoubtorunlikelihood.Firstdiscusstheproblem;thenyoushouldtakeaction.Firstdiscusstheproblem;thentakeaction.Youmustdiscusstheproblemfirstandthentakeaction. Exercises:Correctthefollowingneedlessshifts.Everyoneenjoysjoggingbecauseyoufeelsogoodwhenyouquit.Ilikegoingoutwithherbecauseshereallymadeyoufeelimportant.Iusedtothinkmyparentswerefussy,butasyougrowolder,youbecomemoretolerant.PeoplelikelivinginKunmingbecauseyouhavegoodweatherallyearlong.Hefailedthejobapplication,butitdidn’tbreakhisheart.Wetriedtomovearound,butthereisnottoomuchwecando.It’swiseforabeginningdrivertostayoutofheavytrafficuntilyouhavemoreexperience.Icrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,butaladycamerunningtowardsme.Jenneylikedfishing,buthuntingwasalsoenjoyedbyhim.Frogscouldbeheardcroakingaswenearedtheswamp. Correcting1.Everyoneenjoys→Youenjoy2.you→me3.you→I;you→I4.you→they5.it→thefailure6.butthereisnottoomuchwecando→butwehavenottoomuchtodo7.you→heorshe8.aladycamerunningtowardsme→Isawaladyrunningtowardsme9.huntingwasalsoenjoyedbyhim→healsoenjoyedhunting10.Frogscouldbeheardcroaking→Wecouldhearfrogscroaking Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson80,NewConceptEnglishIIbyL.G.Alexander)In19thcentury,themostunusualbuildingmaybetheCrystalPalace.PeoplebuiltitinHydePark.In1851theyheldtheGreatExhibitionthere.TheCrystalPalacewasdifferentfromallotherbuildingsintheworld.Itwasmadeofironandglass.Peoplehadeverbuiltbiggestbuildings.Thispalacewasoneofthem.Manypeoplecametoseeit.Theycamefrommanycountries.Theysentmanygoodstotheexhibition.Thesegoodswerefromdifferentplacesoftheworld.Theyalsoexhibitedalotofmachinery.Themostwonderfulmachinewasasteamhammer. ManyvisitorstooksteamboatsacrosstheChannel.TheywerefromEurope.Travelingwasveryeasytoday.Inthosedays,itwasnotsoeasy.TheyarrivedinEngland.ThentheytooktrainstotheCrystalPalace.Altogether,sixmillionpeoplecametovisittheExhibition.Peopleusedthemoneytobuildmuseumsandcolleges.Themoneywasraisedfromtheexhibition.LaterpeoplemovedtheCrystalPalacetoSouthLondon.Itwasstilloneofthemostfamousbuildingsintheworld.In1936,itwasburntdown.