大学英语语法12——状语从句

大学英语语法12——状语从句

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjun Unit12Clause:AdverbialclausesGrammar:AdverbialclausesWriting:Correcting:ArticleMisuseRewriting:Periodic/Loosesentences AdverbialClauses1.FunctionsAnadverbialclauseisasubordinateclausethatfunctionsasanadverbtomodifyaverb,anadjective,oranadverb.Ittellswhen,where,how,why,towhatextent,orunderwhatcondition.1.1.TomodifyaverbShepassedthedrivingtest.Sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.Aftershehadpassedthedrivingtest,sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.[tellingwhen] 1.2.TomodifyanadjectiveThelibraryisagoodplace.Therewestudywell.Itisquiet.Thelibraryisagoodplacetostudybecauseitisquiet.[tellingwhy]1.3.TomodifyanadverbHewasoftendisappointed.Hebecamehopeless.Hewasdisappointedsooftenthathebecamehopeless.[tellingtowhatextent] 2.FormsandkindsAnadverbialclausealwaysbeginswithsubordinatingconjunction(suchasif,when,because,than,although)andincludesasubject(S.)andapredicate(P.).Anadverbialclause=subordinatingconjunction+S.+P.Subordinatingconjunctionsthatintroduceadverbialclausesmayindicatearelationshipoftime,place,manner,reason,conditionordegree.Theycannotbeomitted.Theycannotbesubjects. Herearekindsofadverbialclausesandsomeoftheirsubordinatingconjunctions.Place:where,whereverTime:after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,etc.Manner:as,asif,etc.Reason:as,because,for,inorderthat,since,sothat,that,etc.Degree:as,than,etc.Condition:incase,if,evenif,provided,unless,etc.Concession:although,though,as,whereas,while,etc. Shegoestoanyplace.Therearealwayscrowdsofpeople.Theyarewaitingtoseeher.Wherevershegoes,therearealwayscrowdsofpeoplewaitingtoseeher.Herangoff.Ihadnotimetoexplain.HerangoffbeforeIcouldexplain.Hewasexhausted.Hehadbeenseeminglyworkingforhours.Hewasexhaustedasifhehadbeenworkingforhours. 3.PunctuationWhenanadverbialclausebeginsthesentence,acommaisusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.Shehesitatedforamoment.Shefinallywentin.Sheaskedtoseeadress.Thedresswasinthewindow.Thoughshehesitatedforamoment,shefinallywentinandaskedtoseeadressthatwasinthewindow. Whentheadverbialclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.Hewaitedandwaited.Thevolcanobecamequiet.Hewaitedandwaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequiet.Youcanheartheclock.YoucandosoontheradioMicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Youcanheartheclockontheradiobecausemicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower. 4.PositionLikeanordinaryadverb,thelocationofanadverbialclauseinasentenceisveryflexible.Youcanplaceanadverbialclauseatthebeginning,attheend,orinthemiddleofasentence.Iftherearetwoadverbialclausesinasentence,weusuallyplaceoneinfrontofthemainclauseandonebehindit,asshownbelow.Ifthecarhadbeenlarger,wewouldhaveboughtitbecausewehadabigfamily. Whentheactiondescribedintheadverbialclausehappensbeforetheactioninthemainclause,itismorenaturalandmorelogicaltoplacetheadverbialclausebeforethemainclauseandviceverse.So,ofthethreesentencesabove,thefirstonesoundsbetterthanthethird.Seeanotherexample.Untiltherainstopped,theywaitedandwaited.[lessnatural]Theywaitedandwaiteduntiltherainstopped.[morenatural] Whenanadverbialclauseisinsertedinthemiddleofasentence,itisusuallyputbetweenthesubjectandverb,indicatingthatthewritergetsasuddenideaorfeelsnecessarytomentionortoillustrate.Mysister,whileIwastakingashower,calledfromCalifornia.Theoldlady,aftershehadhadadinner,setouttocallonherseconddaughter. Note1.ReducingAdverbialClausesAdverbialclauses(particularlytimeclauseswithafter,before,while,whenandsoon)canbeshortenedtophrasesonlywhenthesubjectoftheadverbialclauseisthesameasthesubjectofthemainclauseanditsverbis“be”.ThestepsareCheckthatthesubjectofboth(mainandsubordinate)clausesisthesameperson.Omitthesubjectofthefirstclause.Omittheverb“be”.Replacethepronounwiththeoriginalnounsothatinformationisnotlost. Ifadropofoilisplacedinaglassofwater,itwouldfloattotop.Ifplacedinaglassofwater,adropofoilwouldfloattotop.AfterhewasdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.AfterdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenhewasonlysixteenyearsold.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenonlysixteenyearsold.ThoughVerrazanoisbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.Thoughbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten. Ifthereisno"be"verb,changetheverbinthesubordinatingclausetoits-ingform.Sometimesthesubordinateconjunctionscanbedeletedaswell.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Whenreturninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Returninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate. 2)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingtime:theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,theday，everytime,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when.ThemomentIspokeIregrettedmywords.Iprogrammedmycomputertoscanforviruseseverytimeitturnson.Itoldhimimmediatelyhecame.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethenitbegantorain. 3)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingplace：where,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Youcangoanywhereyoulike.Theycollectantiquefurnitureandfolkornamentseverywheretheygo. 4)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcondition:providing/providedthat,supposingthat,onconditionthatIwillcomeprovidedthatIamwellenough.Supposing(that)youarewrong,whatwillyoudothen?IwilllendyouthebookonconditionthatyoureturnitonMonday. 5)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingconcession:as,whatever(=nomatterwhat),whoever(=nomatterwho),wherever(=nomatterwhere),whenever(=nomatterwhen),whichever(=nomatterwhich)MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.Whateveryousay,Ishallholdtomydecision.HoweverhardIworkedshewasneversatisfied.Youcantakewhicheveryoulike. 6)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcomparison:themore…themore…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.7)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingmanner:…theway…Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus. Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneadverbialclause.1.Thistime,hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano.Hecouldtakephotographs.Hecouldmeasuretemperatures.Thistime,hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures.2.Helookedverywell.Hewasratherthirsty.Hedrankhalfabottleofmilk.Helookedverywellthoughhewasratherthirsty,forhedrankhalfabottleofmilk.3.Heownedalargecar.Hehardlyeverusedit.Hepreferredtogoonfoot.Thoughheownedalargecar,hehardlyeverusedit,preferringtogoonfoot. 4.Theteacherexplainedthatpassage.Hedidsoagainandagain.Everystudentmightunderstandit.Inorderthateverystudentmightunderstandit,theteacherexplainedthatpassageagainandagain.5.Hehasfivehundredgoldwatches.Thesewatcheswerehiddeninhissuitcase.Thesmugglerisnevertroubledbysuchfeelings.Thesmugglerisnevertroubledbysuchfeelings,evenifhehasfivehundredgoldwatcheshiddeninhissuitcase.6.Theofficerheardthenews.Theofficerwasinthecontroltower.Hewasveryangry.Balloonscanbeagreatdanger.Thedangeristoaircraft.Theofficerinthecontroltowerwasveryangrywhenheheardthenews,becauseballoonscanbeagreatdangertoaircraft. ArticleMisuseTherearetwotypesofarticles:theindefinitearticle(a/an)andthedefinitearticle(the).“a/an”isusedbeforesingularnouns,referringtoanymemberofaclasswhile“the”canbeusedbeforebothsingularandpluralnouns,referringtooneparticularmemberofaclass.Ifyouarefree,pleasebuymeabook.(any,indefinite)Ifyouarefree,pleasebuymethebook(s).(specific)Inaddition,whenyouspeakofsomethingforthefirsttime,use“aoran”;thenexttimeyourepeatthatobjectuse“the”.Wehaveanoldmusicalinstrument,whichwasmadeinGermanyin1681.Theinstrumenthasbelongedtoourfamilyforalongtimesinceitwasboughtbymygrandfathermanyyearsago. Onlycountablenounshavethesingleformandpluralform.Theycannotbeusedaloneexceptthattheyareusedinidioms.Generally,youhavetoplacetheword“a/an”beforethemiftheyaresingle,oryouhavetoaddthesuffix“-s/-es”tothemiftheyareplural.Whenitgrewdark,sheturnedasuitcaseintoabadandputthechildreninsideit,coveringthemwithalltheclothes.Thepopulationandthelaborforcehavemoveddramaticallyfromfarmstoservicesindustries,thusprovidingmorepersonalandpublicservices. 1.Don’tuse“a/an”withuncountablenouns."A/an"canbeusedonlywithcountablenouns.Asforuncountablenouns,youcanuse“the”orusenoarticle.Thedifferenceisthat“the”signalsthenounisspecificwhilenoarticlesignalsthenounisindefinite.Awaterisveryimportanttolife.Waterisveryimportanttolife.Milkandcreamaremajordairyproducts.(indefinite)ShallIsugarthemilkforyou?(specific) 2.Don’tuseanarticlewithcountries,states,countiesorprovinces,lakesandmountains.TheEnglandisacountrythatispartoftheUnitedKingdom.EnglandisacountrythatispartoftheUnitedKingdom.(Butweusethearticle“the”whenthecountryisacollectionofstatessuchas"theUnitedStates"and“theUnitedKingdom”.)Theviewistotheeast-southeastfromthewesternshoreoftheLakeMichiganintheDoorCounty.Theviewistotheeast-southeastfromthewesternshoreofLakeMichiganinDoorCounty. 3.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesoflanguagesandnationalities.SheattendsanightschooltolearntheChinese.SheattendsanightschooltolearnChinese.SheisanAmerican.SheisAmerican./SheisanAmericangirl. 4.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesofsports.Myhusbandiskeenonthefootball.Myhusbandiskeenonfootball.Ibelieveyouarequitegiftedforaboxing.Ibelieveyouarequitegiftedforboxing. 5.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesofacademicsubjects.Johnminorsinacomputerscience.Johnminorsincomputerscience.HehasanintimateknowledgeoftheAmericanliterature.HehasanintimateknowledgeofAmericanliterature. Correctthefollowingmisusedarticlesandaddarticlesifnecessary.Fishermanandsailorsometimesclaimtohaveseenmonsterinasea.Smallfishingboatwascarriedmilesouttoseabythepowerfulfish.Apolicehadbeentoldthatbombhadbeenplantedonplane.IusedtotravelbytheairagreatdealwhenIwastheboy.Agodwhichhasheadofcowwasnormallyplacedinsidemummy.Fortunately,pilotsawasignalandsentmessagebytheradiotoanearesttown.TherehewaspickedupbypolicemanandsentbacktotheEnglandbylocalauthorities.Letussupposethatchildsuddenlycrossesroadinthefrontofyou.Inthe1860,betterplanwasputforwardbyEnglishman,WilliamLow.Assoonasheopensgatefromoutside,hecomesintoagardenandwaitsuntilagateshuts. 2.LackofacompleteverbApredicateverbismostnecessaryforasentence.Theerroroflackingacompleteverbcanbecorrectedby:1)addingacompleteverborahelpingverbtomakethesentencecomplete;2)combiningthefragmentwithanothersentence.Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow,wonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Fullyawakenow,Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome. 3.Lackofbothasubjectandaverb.Agroupofwordswithoutasubjectandaverbisonlyafragment.Theerrorcanbecorrectedbycombiningitwithanothersentence.TheTitanicwascompletedin1912.Themostluxuriousshipofitsday.TheTitanic,themostluxuriousshipofitsday,wascompletedin1912.Completedin1912,theTitanicwasthemostluxuriousshipofitsday. 4.LackofamainclauseAmainclause—sometimescalledanindependentclause—isaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandstillmakesense.Youmusthaveatleastonemainclauseineverysentence.Amainclauseistheessentialcomponent.Withoutamainclause,agroupofwordsisafragment.Twosolutionsareavailable:1)combiningthefragmentthatisasubordinateclausewithamainclause;2)rewritingthefragmentasacompletesentence,eliminatingthesubordinatingconjunctionortherelativepronounandaddingwordsnecessarytomakeacompletethought.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones,becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Theyhadmoretimetodevotetothem. Exercises:Findthemissingwordandcorrectthefollowingsentencefragments.1.Theplaywillsoonover.2.Astrangeflyingobjectseeminglyinthebackyard.3.Thecatmaybeontherooforinthebushes.4.Ialwaysnervousinthefirstdayofclasses.5.Stanleyalwaysreadyforafight.6.Lightingthedarkskyforafewseconds.7.PumasarefoundinAmerica.Large,cat-likeanimals.8.Thesearchingwentonforseveralweeks,butthemurdernotcaught.9.We"llsaygoodbyetohim,becausehe’llawayfortwomonths.10.Theteamplanstostayhereforfivedays.Duringthistime,willgivefiveperformances.11.Thebeggarmayaskyouformoney.Butneveraskyoutofeelsorryforhim.12.“Oh,that,”hesaidwithasmileasifhetalkingaboutanoldfriend. Correcting:Fishermenandsailorssometimesclaimtohaveseenmonstersinthesea.AsmallfishingboatThepolicehadbeentoldthatabombhadbeenplantedontheplane.bytheair;theboy→aboyThegodwhichhastheheadofacowwasnormallyplacedinsideamummy.Fortunately,apilotsawthesignalandsentamessagebytheradiotothenearesttown.apolicemanandsentbacktotheEnglandbythelocalauthoritiesachildsuddenlycrossestheroadinthefrontofyouInthe1860,abetterplanwasputforwardbyanEnglishman,WilliamLow.heopensthegatefromtheoutside,hecomesintothegardenandwaitsuntilthegateshuts Assignment：Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson20,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)In1908,LordNorthcliffetookout$1,000torewardthefirstmanifhecouldflycrosstheEnglishChannel.However,itwasoverayearlater,someonemadeafirsttry.IntheearlymorningonJuly19th,1909,HubertLathamdroveaplane“AntoinetteIV”fliesupfromtheFrenchcoast.ButheflewoveronlysevenmilesabovetheChennel.Hisenginebrokedown.Hehadtolandonthesea.The“Antoinette”floatedonthesea.Laterashippassedby.TheypickedupLatham. Twodayslater,LouisBleriotdroveaplanecometotheplacenotfarawayfromCalais.Theplanewasnamed“No.XI”.Bleriotbegantomakeplanefrom1905.“No.XI”washisnewestplane.Aweekago,hehadsuccessfullymadeanoverlandfly.Heflewtwenty-sixmiles.ButLathamwouldnotliketogiveupeasily.Onthesameday,hedroveanew“Antoinette”cometoCalais.Itwasquiteclear.TherewouldbeafiercematchofcrossingEnglishChannel.TwoplaneswereplannedtoflyoffonJuly25th.ButLathamgotuplateronthatday.Bleriotmadeashorttestflyat4:15.Halfanhourlater,hesetoffnormally.Hisgreatflylastedthirty-sevenminutes.HelandednearDover.Thefirstmangreetedhimwasapolice.Lathamalsomadeatryafteraweeklater.HeflewtoaplacelessthanhalfmiletoDover.Thistimehealsometmisfortune.Hisenginebrokedown.Hehadtolandontheseaforthesecondtime.