自考英语语法问答题总结

自考英语语法问答题总结

自考《现代英语语法》总结ChapterOneLWhatarethefourmajortypesofsenteneeandwhatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith?Statementsarenormallyassociatedwithdeclarativesandprimarilyconcernedwithgivinginformation.Questionsareassociatedwithinterrogativesandprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringinformation.Commandsareassociatedwithimperativesandprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringactions.Exclamationsareassociatedwithexclamativesandprimarilyconcernedwithexpressingthespeaker"simpressionofsomething・2.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswith?Whatistheirsharedsemanticfeature?Theverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithare:think,believe,supposeimagineandexpect.Theyaretheverbsthatexpress“opiniorT.3.Explainthedifferencesbetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone・Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressesthespeaker"sneutralexpectationofthehearer"sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Withafallingone,thespeakerasksforthehearer"sconfirmationofthestatement.Itcanberegardedassimilartoanexclamation.Chapter44.Canthedefinitearticlebeusedforgenericreferenceandtheindefinitearticleforspecificreference?Iftheycan,giveoneexampleforeachuse・Thedefinitearticlecanbeusedforgenericreference・Forexample,thepandaisarareanimal.Thepandaherestilldenotesthewholespecies・Theindefinitearticlecanalsobeusedforspecificreference・Forexample,adogchainedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.Hereadogpointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass.Here“iTshowsindefinitespecificreferenee.5.Whataresomeoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitivealmostalwaysreferstopersons,nevertoobjects,andthefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticleandthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite.)Chapter56・WhydomostcontemporaryEnglishgrammariansadoptatwo-tensesystem?Becausetenseisaverbform.Morphologicallyonlypresenttenseandpasttensehavetheirformsofverbs.Alanguagewhichhasnoverbformshasnotense.7.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?Whentenpointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect"reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime?98.Whyisthepasttenseoftenusedforpoliteness?Becausethepasttensecanmakeaquestionorastatementorasuggestionlessdirect.Itismore politetousethepasttenseonthepartofthespeaker.9・Whycansomenon-progressiveverbsoccurintheprogressiveform?Somenon-progressiveverbscanoccurintheprogressiveform,whichhappensinthecircumstanceswheretheysuggesttemporariness,gradualincreaseanddecrease.10.Listatleast4meansofexpressingfuturetime・1)Will/shalldosth(e.g.I"llcomeandseeyounextweek.);2)begoingtodosth(e.g.Mygrandmaisgoingtolearntodrive.);3)presentprogressive(e.g.Thetreesarelosingtheirleavessoon.);and4)simplepresent(e.g.TomorrowisSaturday.)11.Asafuturetimeexpression,whatspecialmeaningdoesthesimplepresentimpart?Thesimplepresent,asafuturetimeexpression,denotesespeciallythefutureofunusualdefiniteness,suchasthefutureeventsthataredeterminedinadvancebycalendarortimetable.Chapter612.Howmanytypesofvoiceconstraintsforpassivevoice?Therearethreetypesofvoiceconstraintsforpassivevoice,namely,grammaticalconstraint,semanticconstraint,andstylisticconstraint.13.Whatarethetwomajortypesofthesubjunctivemood?Theyarethebe-subjunctiveandtheweesubjunctive.Chapter714.Whatarethetwomajorsemanticcategoriesofmodalauxiliaries?Thetwomajorsemanticcategoriesofmodalauxiliariesarepredictiveandnon-predictive・15.Whatdomodalauxiliariesinthepredictiveusegenerallyexpress?inthepredictiveuse,modalauxiliariesaregenerallyconcernedwiththeaspeaker^subjectiveassumptionorassessmentofprobability,ratherhomogeneousinnature・Andinmostcases,indicatesthespeaker^confidence(orlackofconfidence)inthetruthofhisstatement.Chapter816.Howmanytypesinformcannon-finiteverbsbedividedinto?Whatarethey?Thenon・finiteverbscanbedividedintothreetypes.Theyareinfinitive,-ingparticipleand一edparticiple・17.Giveatleasttwogrammaticalfunctionsofthe-ingparticiple・The-ingparticiplecanserveasthesubjectinaclause,themodifierofanoun,theobjecttoaverbortheadverbial.18.whatkindofgrammaticalfunctionscanthe-edparticipleperform?Giveatleasttwokinds.Partoftheverbphrasetoformtheperfectiveaspectorthepassivevoice;premodifierinthenounphrase;postmodifierasasubjectcomplementoranobjectcomplement.19.whatisthemeaningofdanglingparticiple?Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause・Buttheruleisoftenbrokenwhenthesubjectisvaguelyunderstoodtobe“one冷“we二“yoiT；peopleingeneral:1)standingonthechurchtower"thewholevillagecouldbeseen;2)caughtinatrafficjam,itiseasytolosepatience・ Chapter910.Whatarethedifferencesbetweendetermine「sandadjectives?Determinersandadjectivesaredifferentinfiveways:1)determinersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinpre-modification;2)Thechoiceofdeterminersisoftendeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadjectives;3)Adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristics,butdeterminersdeterminetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;4)adjectivescanpost-modifytheheadword,butnotdeterminers(exceptenough);and5)adjectiveshavecomparativeforms,inflectionalorperiphrastic,butnotdeterminer(except/evv,little,manyandmuclt).Chapter1111.Whatarethesimilarityanddifferencebetweencoordinationandsubordination?Coordinationandsubordinationarethetwoimportantwaysinwhichtwoormoreunitsarecombinedintolargerandmorecomplexunits・Butcoordinationisrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.Forexample,PeterisadoctorandMaryisanurse.Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinatorswhichjoinunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy・Forexample,Iamwonderingwhethertopunishhimornot.Chapter1212.Listthetypesofantecedents.Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedentandnon-nominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns・Non-nominalantecedentscanbesubdividedintothreetypes:clause,verbphrases,predicativeadjective.13.Whatisadoublerelativeclause?Howmanytypesofthedoublerelativeclausedowehave?Doublerelativeclauseisatypeofmultiplepostmodificationwhichisrealizedbymorethanonerelativeclausemodifyingthesameheadword.Itfallsintotwotypes:onethatconsistsofparallelclausesandtheotherofhierarchicalclauses・Chapter1314.Howmanytypesoftimeadjunctsdowehave?Wehavethreetypesoftimeadjuncts:vv/?^/7-adjuncts,andfrequency-adjuncts・15.Provideexamplestoillustratestyle-disjunctsandcontent-disjuncts・Style-disjunctsexpressthespeaker"sattitudetowardswhatisbeingsaid.Forexample,Frankly,heisn"tworkinghardenough.Content-disjunctsdenotthespeaker"scommentonthecontentofwhatisbeingsaid.Forexample,Obviously,shecoulddealwiththeseproblems・Oneformalcriterionthathelpstodistinguishthetwotypesofdisjunctsiswhetherornotwecaninsertthewordspeaking.16.Whatisthedifferencebetweenacoordinatorandaconjunct?Conjunctsaredifferentfromcoordinatorsinthatmostconjunctsaremobilebutnotcoordinatorswhichareputbeforetheclausethattheyintroduce,andcoordinatorsaremutuallyexclusive,butnotwithconjuncts・ Chapter1410.Explainthethreeprincipleofconcordwithexamples・Thethreecomplementaryprinciplesofconcordarethegrammaticalprinciple,thenotionalprincipleandtheprincipleofproximity.Pronounhasreferentialmeanings.Whenitisused,itmustrefertoanounpreviouslymentionedinthecontext.Thisnounisitsantecedentfromwhichthereaderorthehearerknowtheidentityofthepronoun.Inthiscase,apronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinnumber,ingender,inperson,otherwisetheidentityofthepronouncanbeambiguous・Thatiswhypronounco-referenceoftencauseourhesitationintheuseofEnglish・Chapter1511.WhydoesanaverageEnglishsentencecontainthegiveninformationandthenewinformation?Whereiseachnormallylocatedinthesentence?Inorderforourcommunicationtobesmoothandmeaningful,itisageneralrulethatourutteranceoftenneedstocontaingiveninformation,withoutwhichtheutterancewouldprobablystrikeasirrelevantand,moreimportantly,newinformation,withoutwhichtheutterancewouldprobablybeconsideredassheernonsense・Generallyspeaking,thegiveninformationisofferedatthebeginningineachsentencewhilethenewinformationisconsistentlyfoundinthepredicatewhichnormallyconstitutesthelatterhalfofasentence.12.Explainthefeaturesoftheexistentialsentence・1)Theexistentialthereistheformalsubject.2)Apartfromthetypicaluseofthelexicalverbbe,otherintransitiveverbswhichdenoteorincorporatethemeaningof“existence”canbeused.