英语语法导论部分introductionpartofgrammarbook

英语语法导论部分introductionpartofgrammarbook

WordFormationThethreemajorprocessesofword-formation:(a)Compounding(b)Derivationoraffixation(c)Conversion1.Compounding•Aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorerootstoformanewunit.2.Derivation•Derivationoraffixationisaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword・2.1PrefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningfornitothebase.Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase,butdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase・Theycanbeclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:8)Numberprefixes(1)prefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-[["di:mal]?hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-?mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dilemmatri-threeTriangle,triple prefixesmeaningexamplesde-reversingtheactionDecode,deforest,deraildis-Disconnectdiscloseprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not,theconverseunwise,unfortunate,unlockednon-ofNonessential,nonsensedis-Dishonest,disadvantagein-Informal,inadequacyim-Immature,[imotju8(r)]immoral2).Reversativeprefixes prefixesmeaningexamplesmis-wronglyMishear,mistreatmentmal-badMalformed,malfunctionpseudo-["sju:dsu]falsepseudoscience5).Prefixesofattitudeprefixesmeaningexamplesco-withCooperate,coexistcounter-againstCounterattack,counter-strikeanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forproChinese,proslavery 6)locativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between,amongInternationalinteractivetrans-across,fromoneplacetoanotherTransplanttransatlantic7)Prefixesoftimeandorderprefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againretell prefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,dmiz[JdLma丄],hemi-halfsemi-feudal,dmi-circle,hemisphereuni-?mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dilemmatri-threeTriangle,triple2.2Suffixation•Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.一PrefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisAdverbSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-lyina...mannerattentively-warddirectionofmovementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wiseinthemannerofasfaras…isconcernedcrabwiseweather-wiseprofitwise suffixesmeaningexamples-sterpersonengagedinana•>••■gamester-eeroccupationoractivitymountaineer■ergr)driver,teenager-antassistant-letsmall,unimportantbooklet,pamphlet-QSSfemalehostess|Nounsuffixes(1)Nounsuffixes(2)suffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatus[steItas]childhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmKingdom,officialdom■fulamounthandful-tionstateoppression AdjectiveSuffixes(1)suffixesmeaningexamples-fulfullofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-iyhavingthequalityoffriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhatlikesilkyAdjectiveSuffixes(2)suffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhatlikefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-altypicalofregionalAdjectiveSuffixes(3)suffixesmeaningexamples■-ary(ory)connectedwithimaginary-esquelikePicturesqueStatuesque[staetTuesk -OUSfullofMalicioussuperstitious-ictypicalofdramatic-ivehavingthequalityof1AttractiveaddictiveQuestion:Whichofthefollowingiscompoundwordandwhichisderivation?•A.Nonsmoke匚B・Deadline・C・Meanness.D・Misfit.E・simplifyF.pre-liberation•G.immortalH・postgraduateI.multiracialJ.bloodthirstyK.dog-tiredL.incoherent3・ConversionAwordofcertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.1.Noun.…Verb•Booksaretheladderofhumanprogress.•Ineedtobooka3-starhotel3monthsinadvance・•Seekshelter•Sheltertheorphans2.Verb—Nounwalktoschoolgoforawalkbuildthesubwayamanofstrongbuild3.Adj.—verb;adv—verb•Iwilltrytomakelifebette匚•Wetrytobetterourlivingconditions.•Standback!Youaresteppingonmytoes.•Iwillbackyounomatterwhathappens.Example:•Thesecondroundwasexciting・•Anyroundplatewilldo.•Somedriversroundcornerstoorapidly.•Thesoundgoesroundandround.•Helivesroundthecorner.